The next is a visitor submit by Rob Viglione, CEO of Horizen Labs.
Up to now yr, there have been some main milestones alongside the Ethereum roadmap which have leveled up the community. EIP-4844 (aka Dencun) launched blobs and proto-danksharding, making information storage an order of magnitude cheaper for Layer 2s and leading to far decrease transaction charges.
In the meantime, Layer 2s (largely of the optimistic selection) have grow to be extra built-in and broadly utilized in purposes, making it doable to transact for lower than a penny, and enhancing on Ethereum’s elementary infrastructure.
Nevertheless, as anybody who has paid consideration to gasoline charges will know, there may be nonetheless an excessive amount of congestion on Ethereum, and because the real-world utilization of blockchains grows, an increasing number of dApps will likely be competing for block area and computation.
It doesn’t take an engineer or cryptographer to know that that is unsustainable. We’ve seen what occurs when Ethereum will get too congested. In some notably high-surge moments, customers have paid greater than 2 ETH simply to finish a transaction, and a few of these transactions nonetheless failed as customers scrambled to have them prioritized.
In an ideal world, we might transfer as a lot of that computation offchain, and nonetheless be capable of submit a succinct, verifiable proof that ensures the info is appropriate and in the precise place.
Zero-knowledge proofs make this doable, nevertheless it’s nonetheless difficult for blockchains to confirm transactions with so many potential potentialities within the EVM, and it could actually rapidly grow to be costly to go this route. Zk-rollups should pay for specialised {hardware} that creates a ZK proof through a prover, after which that sometimes must be transformed right into a proof kind that Ethereum can perceive.
Briefly, optimistic rollups are comparatively straightforward and reasonably priced to confirm, whereas zk-rollups are difficult and costly. For small and even medium-sized companies that wish to do a few of their enterprise onchain and maintain it confidential, zk-rollups are the best way to go, however proof verification is usually a prohibitive expense.
Rollup ecosystems have their very own pursuits
Up so far, the branded L2s haven’t been keen on a modular proof verification resolution like zkVerify — which may cut back verification prices by 90% or extra. They may undertake it down the highway, nevertheless it isn’t their focus in the mean time. Usually, the massive L2 ecosystems consider in verifying all of those ZK proofs on the identical chain and amortizing these prices throughout customers.
Nevertheless, we did discover a possibility with rollup-as-a-service (RaaS) suppliers, as a result of they consider in a modular strategy to blockchains and have a tendency to service small and medium-sized tasks who can’t afford to pay these verification prices. For them, the thought of sending proofs to a standalone chain after which sending the proof verification again to Ethereum makes loads of sense. Identical to with modular information availability, we are actually seeing RaaS suppliers undertake modular proof verification with open arms.
The large L2s have two foremost arguments in opposition to this strategy: first, they consider it lessens the L2’s safety to maneuver proof verification to a special layer. In fact, a few of these L2s already confirm their proofs offchain. They simply don’t publicize that.
Their different argument is that they would like to mixture proofs, by grouping a big batch of proofs collectively and basically making a “proof of proofs.” By doing that, the massive L2s are in a position to unfold the associated fee over a a lot bigger variety of transactions. Nevertheless, they don’t appear so involved that with this strategy, it would take a number of hours to mixture lots of of proofs, at a probably larger value.
Aggregation is smart for lots of use circumstances, however not essentially for an software the place you wish to do one thing rapidly and have it verified in the identical period of time.
On the finish of the day, you continue to should belief the L2 that you simply’re on.
In some methods, the EVM is caught in 2017
As our crew stored digging into the ZK area and Ethereum’s relationship with it, we found that Ethereum really does have some compatibility with zero-knowledge elliptic curves utilizing a precompile, which basically makes it extra environment friendly to deal with the computation concerned in verifying a proof. However the community at the moment solely helps three mathematical operations on a single curve.
What does this imply for customers? Since some zk-SNARKs can’t be verified, it requires the proofs to be wrapped in a extra pleasant type (utilizing the bn128 proof), which leads to much less effectivity, extra room for error, and probably larger prices. Ideally, builders ought to be capable of select the zk-SNARK that most closely fits their software, and never having the ability to take action means they should compromise on high quality.
Technically, it’s doable for Ethereum to undertake extra superior precompiles over time, however it could actually take years for them to be carried out. The final precompile was carried out in 2017, and there have been none since.
Why is that? A scarcity of demand? Is it really not possible to implement these on Ethereum? And even when the group is ready to take action, wouldn’t it nonetheless be inefficient to compute with these new precompiles on the EVM?
It’s not clear. However what is obvious is that the EVM must be overhauled, and having ZK proofs verified onchain remains to be too expensive for the common use case. After {hardware}, it’s the most important expense when utilizing a zk-rollup.
At Horizen Labs, we’re tackling this in two methods: by providing modular proof verification within the type of zkVerify, and constructing a completely EVM-compatible chain with assist for the newest zero-knowledge precompiles.
For instance, Horizen 2.0 is constructed on Substrate, which permits for forkless upgrades which are routinely utilized proper after a group vote. No work must be executed on the node facet, and no laborious fork is required.
Some groups will desire staying inside a devoted ecosystem like Horizen 2.0, with its personal tight-knit group and community results. Others will select to go the RaaS route to construct their very own customized rollup, they usually’ll be capable of take pleasure in the associated fee financial savings of offchain proof verification there as properly.
There are a number of methods to evolve the EVM with ZK, however we consider it must occur earlier than the following wave of adoption.